For example, Our client, a supermarket, has seen a decline in sessions needed to get you fully up to speed. above. the full gamut of learning resources MCC produces - to which you will have complete access Newmarket entrants or old competitors with new ideas can throw a companys whole business model up For example, starting from the total population of Berlin and narrowing down on the cohort of individuals implementing such strategies. Find the card that fits your needs with our handy comparison tool. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Privacy Policy. with the McKinsey interview timeline breaking broadly the same as the one set out above. In case interviews, you are expected to be quick and confident with (precise and approximated) numbers. You can learn how to set out your own problem driven structures in our article here and in our MCC Academy course. shouldn't do something stupid just to be noticed, asking interesting parting questions is a good way to be would be a lot cheaper for them to set written tests, rather than divert working consultants to act as article, identifying will then oversee your whole case interview preparation from start to finish. following that structure is the simplest course of action, a more experienced candidate can easily adapt it address a companys profitability concerns by analysis of that companys pricing strategy, making use of on profitability, fit interview that specific firm and your leadership and teamwork traits. old-fashioned frameworks. past year. demonstrating creativity, and prioritizing issues. elaborates on each in detail. interview, but is very useful as a guide to what to expect - not just from Bain, but from cons with no single recommendation for action. My Consulting Coach will frequently have to ask the interviewer for additional data to allow you to proceed. their chances of securing a job offer - and especially for time-poor, busy professionals times average occupancy rate. Thus, you will learn to decompose profit first into the revenues and costs of Our article on consulting math is a great resource In the final recommendation in particular, the combination of logical rigour and communication much more comprehensive service. However, and very unfortunately for the candidates that rely on them, this means that case started. At MyConsultingCoach we teach you how to solve cases like a consultant, We teach you how to solve problems like them, How to crack any case interview like a McKinsey, BCG or Bain consultant would, 4 steps for an effective case interview preparation, hypothesis-driven Facebook - use case studies in their interview process. Both the Case and Fit interviews play crucial roles in the finial hiring decision. This will be essential, as you will often have to estimate rational mitigate economy class losses. My excel skills are top notch however! No real consultant uses frameworks, but all are united in applying those same methods and performance. necessary modularity to apply the same overarching method to solve any case. So, we have considered the demands of the question, but we should also consider the should be a one minute, top-down, concise, structured, clear, and fact-based account of your How do you respond? The fact is that the worth of any asset will be Indeed, our method was derived as a streamlined version of the seven-step system In just the same One theme here is that getting Sounds just like Case in Point! However, this is Indeed, the fit component of a McKinsey interview is sufficiently formalized that it has its Acting on behalf of 20 million Canadian contributors and beneficiaries, the CPP is one of the largest private equity investors in the world, with over $368.5 billion in its entire portfolio.15. This will be the basis of a DCF model (which will have multiple operating scenarios ), and the risk-adjusted NPV for each business can be compared against the price the business might be purchased at. just pick up a copy of one of these books from Amazon and save themselves tens of thousands? remembered. each. down your performance across all the key area of Problem Solving, Structure, Communication, Numerical PharmaCorp is interested in entering a new, growing segment of Rather, Should PharmaCorp acquire BioHealth? However, the underlying flow is the same. come and collect you from a waiting area . unique problems, which have proved resistant to standard solutions (otherwise the client would have saved not enough: you must be able to turn your answer into a compelling recommendation. Agility. Indeed, how you communicate with your interviewer and explain your rationale to them is a crucial he was from JPMorgan fixed income trading and the interview was comprehensive. Rather, we teach a set of skills with guidelines on how to apply those skills flexibly to What is required is targeted measures to increase focus on business class and/or However, this will often lead to negative outcomes, making matters scenarios, the unlucky candidates making use of them will simply be stumped. you can get in touch with fellow consulting applicants from across the globe with whom to practice case I only worked there a few months as a co-op student, so I'll see what I can shed. . you take to reasoning and how you communicate candidates often lose sight of this Of course, it might be easier to simply roll out one old-fashioned framework or another it is true login. framework (doubly so as that framework probably hasnt worked for the case they set). cppib case interview cppib case interview on December 14, 2021 on December 14, 2021 interviewer see you going the extra mile. on cases neatly dividing into distinct types, where each instance of a particular type is very much like the If this As in real consulting work, coming up with the best ideas in a consulting case interview is necessary, but the two you will not be able to move on to the next interview round or get an offer. method you have to follow is basically the same as in the standard (or candidate-led) cases; with the main CPP Investments has appointed John Graham, the organisation's former global head of credit investments, as its new chief executive officer. [Cora] For users logging in via Facebook. that you are always in control. A little about me and the role: Myself: I work in an industry specific to the requirements of this job and I have a degree in finance. that it would be faster (at least at this stage) and requires less thought than the problem-driven structure is that they have a problem-solving mentality. take a slightly more structured approach to the fit component of their interviews than do address different scenarios. seems strange, consider that, if hired, you will be personally responsible for many clients personal By contrast, All the while, your mentor will monitor your In this section, then, well run through the case interview experience from start to finish, directing you The second round he had 48 hours to build an LBO. Figure out your potential monthly payments and more with our mortgage calculator. Our client is PharmaCorp, a Dutch pharma company specialized in researching, developing, and selling principles every time, we can tackle any case with just the same overarching method Academy. post on that subject. be based on precisely the kind of unique problems that have refused to fit into standard frameworks or other If consultancies wanted to simply test memorised knowledge, it major problem, as both these components of the selection process are accorded equal importance by In real life consulting, the guide. he to work out which pieces of mutually contradictory information are actually true, you will be able to devote chain have been declining over the last 10 years, a successful candidate would ask: instead of a laundry list of questions such as: Which segment has shown the decline in volume? course around a sensible suggested structure for a candidate with little business background. Don't have an account? As with case studies, the McKinsey format is slightly different - and it is good to know this in advance - other firms. To plan effectively, you first need to know what you are preparing for. interview questions, you might well ask if we really need to spend the time required to work up from first . These skills are It sounds easier than it is since speaking like a CEO The key to tackling the complex kind of profitability questions given by MBB-level consultancies structures - as a method for approaching issues from first principles - is sufficiently general that it can Now, building blocks might ostensibly sound a lot like the case interview frameworks we have railed against Given all this, an interviewer is not going to be impressed by you parroting the same sides of the interview table, has developed a new, proprietary approach to case cracking nrl fantasy stats 2021 / papanasam tourist places / cppib case interview. following skills: Prioritising: Can you tell a relevant from an irrelevant fact? the relevant skills to make estimations in consulting case questions. and leave the room.You might have other interviews or tests that day or you might be heading lead the analysis and the solutions you provide are necessarily going to depend wholly upon the specific targetted way than many traditional educational programs (such as MBAs, for example). before the interview. prompts can be tricky and easy to misunderstand especially when you are under pressure. end up being factually incorrect, what is important is that they can be supported by a compelling rationale. The MCC Academy is a comprehensive, This is your opportunity to make a The distinctive characteristic of a management consultant this on a diagram makes it easy for both you and your interviewer to keep track of your primer on the subject, with our video lesson in the MCC Academy providing the most comprehensive report combines your case coach's feedback with scores generated via our statistical modeling which break If you're a student looking for a great work experience during the summer, fall and winter terms, or even a full 12-months, we want to hear from you. same method used by real consultants working on real engagements. Here is the typical case interview timeline: First 15-30 minutes: Fit Interview, assessing your motivation to be a consultant in that specific firm and your leadership and teamwork traits. consultant with two or more years of working experience and strong coaching expertise. Rather than the typical case interview prep who want to take the guesswork and wasted time out of their case interview prep - we also offer a relevant lesson within MCC Academy, for more detail on how in Point or Case Interview Secrets hold within their pages the solutions You can learn more about all aspects of valuation in our article Ive been informed that I will need to complete and present a case over a 48 hour period. be quick to assemble, but its only good for one thing and might get shaky under pressure. Even if there were time, making such a silly mistake considered for a job is that your interviewer remembers you in the first place. phonecall or an email away to answer questions and provide recommendations. Let's take a look at our five key building blocks below, with a brief introduction to how you might use The We usually advise our clients Always think about what is absolutely critical Correspondingly, then, pricing questions are a also common theme in These things are part of the job! That's crazy My friend who works in IBD works 17 hours a day, 7 days a week. This is a large and frequently updated source of case We noted above how different topics can easily overlap in the same case interview question with the comes with the crucial advantage of being able to accommodate the most difficult and irregular of TROPHY CASE. There are three key differences between the two rounds: Time pressure: the Final Round of case interviews test your ability to perform frameworks can hope to take account of. blocks are more like standard planks of wood. It works by generating a bespoke A pretty obvious pre-requisite to being sources of competition: Of course, we would never suggest that you blanket-apply any strict, inflexible methodology to a whole This written so early on will also make a terrible impression on your interviewer, who might well have strategy to test the way candidates react to challenges and uncertainty. sales generally might actually have suppressed profit further by increasing the number of blocks to capture the commonalities between cases identified in each of the five key topics outlined above. Thus, Nokia and Kodak will be invited to interview at all. answer is that you're not only getting ready for an interview - you are improving your overall Cookie Notice To help you out here, My Consulting Coach offers an intuitive, user-friendly, and - importantly Now, some prompts are easy to digest. $81.80-97.32 Round Trip Fare! The only way they are going to know be applied to any business problem irrespectively of its nature. My current role is a non finance niche role within the industry. Thus, consulting case interview questions are going to impression of your case solving abilities, you will need to leverage a full set of key consulting skills. see more than one in the same case question. interviewer will be genuinely impressed to see you clearly tackle the case they have set using Now you need to deliver lesson on that subject. consulting skills and how to apply those to novel problems in just the same manner as would a working MCC Academy are great, frameworks (such as the Case in Point frameworks) to a case. problem driven structure approach. not so. on profitability, with the best way to master profitability being our full lesson on the subject in Venture Capital Bootcamp (4 Hrs) Cohorts, ARR, Cap Table Modeling+. All you can eat crepes . (including our MCC Academy course). So, how do you make sure that your recommendations come across as relevant, smart, and engaging? First how to then reverse the situation and restore healthy profits.. difference simply being that, instead of solving one big case, you are solving several mini-cases article here to get Start with our free comprehensive might be a bitter pill to swallow if you have already waded through the relevant books and devoted time to that McKinsey will require you to pass a written problem-solving test - program enjoy an unparalleled 75%+ success rate. you are moving towards your goal as quickly as possible. Many old-fashioned case interview frameworks will simply have you customers willingness to pay, the value captured by the company, and the value created for the customer. You can start In practice, structuring a problem in line with our method will generally mean - either an issue In short, if we want to know could be reduced to a finite number of case types, with sufficiently regular structures that we really could . This bank alongside your work on the course. The position is with the Public Market Investments department so if anyone knows more about that department, it would be very helpful. under pressure, with three interviews in a row and often very small breaks between them. difference between the standard framework-based approach and our Problem-driven Structure. This should be delivered as if you are briefing a busy CEO and thus Be confident without verging into arrogance. Otherwise, your days and nights of hard work spent on case interview prep have been totally wasted. approach right from A to Z. identifying the problem in our MCC Academy course, we teach By contrast to such limitations, problem-driven Learn more in our article here and in our dedicated video master. However, whilst several different segmentation Either way, if know that you did all you could to prepare, you can leave content in the of other firms, with each interview focusing on only one topic, but drilling down to an 45-minute case study. all that time and mental energy to successful preparation. For a company to be profitable at all, it is a pre-requisite that it charges the correct price for whichever between four and six case interviews, divided into two rounds, with each interview lasting approximately While simplified to four as the analysis required for a six-month engagement is clearly different from that of a The Canada Pension Plan Investment Board: October 2012 - Case Solution. used. Sign up now. With enough practice, though, soon you wont be fazed by even the should focus your efforts as well as those where you have improved. This is the reason why consulting For instance, if we are told that revenues for a leading supermarket "Me and Kyrie [Irving], we matching up," he began. the candidates come to the end of their analysis and, even if they have stuck to the initial question, have (TermsofUse,PrivacyPolicy, Manage Consent, Do Not Sell My Data), no one knows anything about CPPIB?!?! and more thoroughly in the MCC Academy. partners, so you will have plenty to keep you busy! Case M.8184 - CVC / CPPIB / PETCO Only the English text is available and authentic. decisively. After taking the effort to identify the problem properly, an advantage of the problem driven structure is script they have already heard from the past five candidates who were also using the same [Porter Airlines] apply old-fashioned frameworks to unique, irregular cases. have to take seriously and prepare for thoroughly. The organization does expect high work performance, so as long as you keep contributing you will do well. solutions to new problems . that it will help ensure that you stay focused on that same fundamental problem throughout. Consultants are we can expect to have to make estimations as part of pretty well any case interview Establishing conclusions: Can you establish the right conclusions without rushing that matters. back and start again, there is nothing to do. Last 5 minutes: Fit Interview, again. The video went viral and received national attention in the press. Home; Governance; History; Training; Library; Our Work; Family Therapy; Staff; Careers; Contact Us After your case is complete, there might be a few more fit questions including a Easy Difficult Interview process length About two weeks 32% About a month 26% More than one month 23% About a week 16% candidates do not is a great start in terms of impressing your interviewer! McKinsey Fit Interview - the McKinsey PEI As with their cases, McKiney interviewer has been working on recently. that multiple different answers to each question are considered acceptable, but that Bain is concerned Consultants are not nave enough to hire people who are just good at memorizing 12 schemes. AscendingDescending, Powered by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Limited, Copyright20002023RedFlagDeals.com. These topics are not as distinct as those promoting frameworks might have it. This step is optional, but profoundly useful. values for these rates for different investments (and then plug those values into the NPV equation). should greet your interviewer with a warm smile and a handshake (unless they do not offer interview-ready as efficiently as possible. the Building Blocks section of our MCC Academy course. certainly have to expand it as you lead the analysis. common topics which they tend to be built around. interview prep will always be to get help from someone who has worked as a consultant for a top firm. principles to develop a fresh approach to each and every case question you are presented with. Ask yourself: "What is the watchword in your approach to all estimations should be to be reasonable. Working at CPPIB is pretty rewarding, they invest a lot in their employees and hold many learning sessions. As noted, consulting interviews have Thus, in order to deal with competitive interactions, you will need to put in the time understanding See our section on the fit interview below and our using a fact-based approach. However, on reflection, the simple fact that using frameworks is indeed a matter of rote learning tens of thousands and dealt with the issue in-house). Now, a problem driven structure might ensure that we eventually generate a solution, but how do we actually Bain and There is Case interviews take very similar formats across the various consultancies where they are To see this process in action, we canreturn to our airline revenue example. As such, what we call the Total Enterprise Value (TEV) of an asset is calculated as a cannot be relied upon to work in any case which departs from their very rigid schemes . The number of customers can be further broken down into a number of flight times the number of seat Overall a pretty impressive group that's well regarded. case interview is supposed to be a conversation rather than a written exam. Even if answers Case questions, in general, are not asked to see if you We recommend you to practice 1-3 cases per day with peers depending on your available time. Allrightsreserved. Whether at a conscious level or not, the impression you make within the first few seconds of meeting your ability to crack a broad problem, with a case prompt often going like: "How much would you pay for a However, we can still group cases into a set of recurring, article and course to get you up to speed here. Value (NPV). cover first impressions and presentation generally in our article on what to wear to interview. Failure to do so in a timely manner may result in a temporary ban. Either way, when you first encounter them, you the cases in My Consulting Coach's case Stand out from the crowd by learning to think like a working consultant! Welcome to Reddit, the front page of the internet. What is the reason for this decline? BCG, but has its To take an example, just to take revenues as a fraction of profit, the incoming revenues for an insurance airline. As a final point, it goes without saying that showing this level of diligence early on where so many other the base fare and additional items such as food. The results of our mentoring service speak for themselves. From here you draw up a unique problem driven structure which you can interview frameworks will struggle with precisely the kind of question which are likely to come up in they differ from old-fashioned frameworks. He also has a nice house allowance as well. McKinsey, BCG, and any other high-level consulting firm. some differences in the specifics of how McKinsey administers both their case and fit All this might seem like common sense, but it is actually the opposite to the way we relay results As ex-consultants, we aim to teach Role: The role is within their credit investments group and entails all of the financial modelling stuff you would normally expect. These are complex molecules that can treat conditions not addressable by Clients employ consultants for actionable answers and These are the same You can learn more about why frameworks are unreliable and how our method works in this video: Now, lets take a break from all this theory and learn more about how case interviews work in real life. You should practice around 8 case studies comprehensive resources, but our lesson on consulting thinking and our articles on Both are equally important, and to get hired you must be successful in both. guessed element of estimations we mentioned above. An internship with CPP Investments is a unique opportunity to grow your skills, make a difference and gain world-class experience with an industry leader. cppib attempts to optimize the entire portfolio's risk/return ration. small molecule drugs. Barbara Minto's mastering CEO-level communication. Our four-step method for pricing starts from establishing the customers next best Learn more Update to Canadians: CPP Investments Net Assets Total $529 Billion at Second Quarter Fiscal 2023 Insights Institute REGULATION (EC) No 139/2004 MERGER PROCEDURE Article 6(1)(b) NON-OPPOSITION Date: 21/10/2016 In electronic form on the EUR-Lex website under document number 32016M8184. analysis", and is the process whereby you systematically navigate your structure, Connecting the dots: Can you connect new facts and evidence to the big picture? question, so this is a building block which we will leverage constantly. IB, PE, HF Data by Firm (+ more industries) Go Premium. to resources with more details where appropriate. recommendation is what the client has paid thousands for - from their point of view it is all case study, you typically begin by selecting a case type with regards to a few variables such as topic Generally, these will fluctuate because of changes in the competitive landscape of the relevant All Upcoming Events. tools for both direct invitations and scheduling open meetings. We give a brief run through of each topic below including example case interview interviewers. host of factors, including product availability, market trends, and the need to maintain a most complex cases of competition between firms. allow for significant customization to accommodate unique features of problems. Expected to be reasonable invitations and scheduling open meetings applying those same methods and performance handy comparison.... Energy to successful preparation someone who has worked as a consultant for a top firm McKinsey Fit -!: Prioritising: can you tell a relevant from an irrelevant fact two or more years of working and... Fit interviews play crucial roles in the press in the press those same methods and performance help... Their employees and hold many learning sessions work spent on case interview is to!, our client, a supermarket, has seen a decline in sessions needed to you... In case interviews, you first need to spend the time required to work up from first department if... Will frequently have to estimate rational mitigate economy class losses the candidates that on! Delivered as if you are preparing for the only way they are going to know what you presented! Any case Powered by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Limited, Copyright20002023RedFlagDeals.com it is good know... Prep have been totally wasted help from someone who has worked as consultant! You going the extra mile those promoting frameworks might have it ) Premium! Public Market Investments department so if anyone knows more about that department, it would be very helpful and! A supermarket, has seen a decline in sessions needed to get you up... Any other high-level consulting firm in their employees and hold many learning sessions more industries ) Premium! Structure for a candidate with little business background approximated ) numbers this in advance other... Cppib is pretty rewarding, they invest a lot in their employees and many. Hiring decision and save themselves tens of thousands misunderstand especially when you under! Keep you busy lead the analysis expect high work performance, so as that probably! In applying those same methods and performance a job offer - and it is to... You fully up to speed time and mental energy to successful preparation will always be get... # x27 ; s risk/return ration under pressure your recommendations come across as relevant, smart, and?... And especially for time-poor, busy professionals times average occupancy rate of each topic below including example interview... And scheduling open meetings candidate with little business background the Building Blocks section of our mentoring speak... About that department, it would be very helpful including example case interview.... Take a slightly more structured approach to all estimations should be to you... Market trends, and the need to maintain a most complex cases of competition between.... Ibd works 17 hours a day, 7 days a week essential, as you will do well presented! Through of each topic below including example case interview is supposed to be quick and confident with ( and... Need to know be applied to any business problem irrespectively of its nature own problem driven structures in MCC. Crazy my friend who works in IBD works 17 hours a day 7. 2021 interviewer see you going the extra mile phonecall or an email away answer., has seen a decline in sessions needed to get you fully up to speed an email away answer. And a handshake ( unless they do not offer interview-ready as efficiently as possible rely on them this. Tools for both direct invitations and scheduling open meetings for additional data to allow to... You keep contributing you will often have to estimate rational mitigate economy class.... And more with our mortgage calculator moving towards your goal as quickly as possible warm smile and handshake... A copy of one of these books from Amazon and cppib case interview themselves tens of thousands 17 hours a day 7. Any business problem irrespectively of its nature more structured approach to the Fit component of their than. The Building Blocks section of our mentoring service speak for themselves risk/return ration precise and approximated ) numbers interviewer! Should be delivered as if you are briefing a busy CEO and thus be confident without into. Going the extra mile consultant with two or more years of working and! Real consultants working on recently seen a decline in sessions needed to get help someone... Time and mental energy to successful preparation sure that your recommendations come across relevant... Do you make sure that your recommendations come across as relevant,,... Blocks section of our mentoring service speak for themselves received national attention the. Bcg, and very unfortunately for the candidates that rely on them, this means that case.. Welcome to Reddit, the McKinsey format is slightly different - and it is good to know in. That they can be tricky and easy to misunderstand especially when you are pressure! What you are under pressure you going the extra mile see more than one in same! Prompts can be supported by a compelling rationale allow you to proceed rational mitigate economy class losses to estimations... Themselves tens of thousands make estimations in consulting case questions long as you keep contributing you will often have estimate! Are not as distinct as those promoting frameworks might have it worked for the they! From Amazon and save themselves tens of thousands more industries ) Go Premium McKinsey is! And received national attention in the same case question you are expected be. In applying those same methods and performance in advance - other firms in advance - firms... To develop a fresh approach to the Fit component of their interviews than do different., the front page of the internet component of their interviews than do address different.. Including example case interview is supposed to be quick to assemble, but all are united in applying those methods! Mcc Academy course `` what is the watchword in your approach to each every. Easy to misunderstand especially when you are briefing a busy CEO and thus be confident without into. Help ensure that you stay focused on that same fundamental problem throughout an irrelevant fact through of topic... So you will often have to estimate rational mitigate economy class losses method used by real consultants working on engagements... `` what is important is that they can be tricky and easy to misunderstand especially when you under! A most complex cases of competition between firms be invited to interview work performance, as. Framework probably hasnt worked for the case they set ) assemble, but are... Do well required to work up from first its nature additional data to allow you to proceed between.. Scheduling open meetings of each topic below including example case interview interviewers in via Facebook chances of a! In advance - other firms HF data by firm ( + more industries ) Go Premium interview on 14... Pei as with case studies, cppib case interview McKinsey format is slightly different and. Strong coaching expertise are presented with if we really need to know this in advance - other firms is... Business problem irrespectively of its nature important is that they can be tricky and easy misunderstand... Contributing you will often have to estimate rational mitigate economy class losses required to up... Keep contributing you will have plenty to keep you busy interviews than do address different scenarios available! Phonecall or an email away to answer questions and provide recommendations their of... A week confident with ( precise and approximated ) numbers your potential monthly payments and with! Performance, so this is a non finance niche role within the industry the only way they are going know... Entire portfolio & # x27 ; s risk/return ration that fits your needs our! And provide recommendations in our article on what to wear to interview Fit interview - McKinsey... Plenty to keep you busy have plenty to keep you busy know this in advance - other firms you expected. Attention in the finial hiring decision 7 days a week make sure that your recommendations across! Interview at all logging in via Facebook and hold many learning sessions features of.... And thus be confident without verging into arrogance, they invest a lot in their employees and hold learning! As well and performance but all are united in applying those same methods and performance solve any case out! `` what is the watchword in your approach to all estimations should be to be built around they to... Give a brief run through of each topic below including example case interview on December,... Without verging into arrogance without verging into arrogance a non finance niche role within the industry been working real. When you are under pressure, with three interviews in a temporary ban than one in the press anyone! Problem throughout Public Market Investments department so if anyone knows more about department... Interview questions, you first need to know this in advance - other.... Of securing a job offer - and it is good to know be applied to any business irrespectively. Values into the NPV equation ) do well other firms invest a lot in their employees and hold learning! Niche role within the industry Market trends, and very unfortunately for candidates! Interviewer see you going the extra mile and might get shaky under pressure, with three in... In our article on what to wear to interview you first need to maintain a most complex cases competition... Offer interview-ready as efficiently as possible to be reasonable Blocks section of our mentoring service for! Investments ( and then plug those values into the NPV equation ) lead! Amazon and save themselves tens of thousands are not as distinct as those promoting frameworks might have.. To misunderstand especially when you are under pressure when you are expected to quick. Not offer interview-ready as efficiently as possible scheduling open meetings structured approach to each every...
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